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1995-10-13
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; -*- Mode: Scheme; Syntax: Scheme; Package: Scheme; -*-
; Copyright (c) 1993, 1994 Richard Kelsey and Jonathan Rees. See file COPYING.
; This is file comp.scm.
;;;; The byte-code compiler
; This is a two-phase compiler. The first phase does macro expansion,
; variable resolution, and instruction selection, and computes the
; size of the code vector. The second phase (assembly) creates the
; code vector, "template" (literals vector), and debugging data
; structures.
; The output of the first phase (the COMPILE- and INSTRUCTION-
; routines) and the input to the second phase (SEGMENT->TEMPLATE) is a
; "segment." A segment is a pair (size . proc) where size is the size
; of the code segment in bytes, and proc is a procedure that during
; phase 2 will store the segment's bytes into the code vector.
; A "cenv" maps lexical variables to <level, offset> pairs. Level is
; the variable's distance from the root of the environment; 0 means
; outermost level, and higher numbers mean deeper lexical levels. The
; offset is the position of the variable within its level's
; environment vector.
; Optimizations are marked with +++, and may be flushed if desired.
(define (compile-top exp cenv depth cont)
(compile exp (initial-cenv cenv) depth cont))
; Main dispatch for compiling a single expression.
(define (compile exp cenv depth cont)
(let ((node (type-check (classify exp cenv) cenv)))
((operator-table-ref compilators (node-operator-id node))
node
cenv
depth
cont)))
; Specialists
(define compilators
(make-operator-table (lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(generate-trap cont
"not valid in expression context"
(schemify node cenv)))
(lambda (frob) ;for let-syntax, with-aliases, etc.
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(call-with-values (lambda () (frob node cenv))
(lambda (form cenv)
(compile form cenv depth cont)))))))
(define (define-compilator name type proc)
(operator-define! compilators name type proc))
(define-compilator 'literal #f
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let ((obj (node-form node)))
(if (eq? obj #f)
;; +++ hack for bootstrap from Schemes that don't distinguish #f/()
(deliver-value (instruction (enum op false)) cont)
(compile-constant obj depth cont)))))
(define-compilator 'quote syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let ((exp (node-form node)))
cenv ;ignored
(let ((obj (cadr exp)))
(compile-constant obj depth cont)))))
(define (compile-constant obj depth cont)
(if (ignore-values-cont? cont)
empty-segment ;+++ dead code
(deliver-value (instruction-with-literal (enum op literal) obj)
cont)))
; Variable reference
(define-compilator 'name #f
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let* ((binding (name-node-binding node cenv))
(name (node-form node)))
(deliver-value (if (and (binding? binding)
(pair? (binding-place binding)))
(let* ((level+over (binding-place binding))
(back (- (environment-level cenv)
(car level+over)))
(over (cdr level+over)))
(case back
((0) (instruction (enum op local0) over)) ;+++
((1) (instruction (enum op local1) over)) ;+++
((2) (instruction (enum op local2) over)) ;+++
(else (instruction (enum op local) back over))))
(instruction-with-location
(enum op global)
(get-location binding cenv name value-type)))
cont))))
; Assignment
(define-compilator 'set! syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let* ((exp (node-form node))
(lhs-node (classify (cadr exp) cenv))
(name (node-form lhs-node))
;; Error if not a name node...
(binding (name-node-binding lhs-node cenv)))
(sequentially
(compile (caddr exp) cenv depth (named-cont name))
(deliver-value
(if (and (binding? binding) (pair? (binding-place binding)))
(let ((level+over (binding-place binding)))
(instruction (enum op set-local!)
(- (environment-level cenv) (car level+over))
(cdr level+over)))
(instruction-with-location (enum op set-global!)
(get-location binding cenv name usual-variable-type)))
cont)))))
; Conditional
(define-compilator 'if syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let ((exp (node-form node))
(alt-label (make-label))
(join-label (make-label)))
(sequentially
;; Test
(compile (cadr exp) cenv depth (fall-through-cont node 1))
(instruction-using-label (enum op jump-if-false) alt-label)
;; Consequent
(compile (caddr exp) cenv depth cont)
(if (fall-through-cont? cont)
(instruction-using-label (enum op jump) join-label)
empty-segment)
;; Alternate
(attach-label alt-label
(compile (cadddr exp) cenv depth cont))
(attach-label join-label
empty-segment)))))
(define-compilator 'begin syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let ((exp (node-form node)))
(compile-begin (cdr exp) cenv depth cont))))
(define compile-begin
(let ((operator/begin (get-operator 'begin)))
(lambda (exp-list cenv depth cont)
(if (null? exp-list)
(generate-trap cont "null begin")
(let ((dummy
(make-node operator/begin ;For debugging database
`(begin ,@exp-list))))
(let loop ((exp-list exp-list) (i 1))
(if (null? (cdr exp-list))
(compile (car exp-list) cenv depth cont)
(careful-sequentially
(compile (car exp-list) cenv depth
(ignore-values-cont dummy i))
(loop (cdr exp-list) (+ i 1))
depth
cont))))))))
; Compile a call
(define (compile-call node cenv depth cont)
(if (node-ref node 'type-error)
(compile-unknown-call node cenv depth cont)
(let ((proc-node (classify (car (node-form node)) cenv)))
(if (and (lambda-node? proc-node)
(not (n-ary? (cadr (node-form proc-node)))))
(compile-redex proc-node (cdr (node-form node)) cenv depth cont)
(let ((new-node (maybe-transform-call proc-node node cenv)))
(if (eq? new-node node)
(compile-unknown-call node cenv depth cont)
(compile new-node cenv depth cont)))))))
(define-compilator 'call #f compile-call)
; A redex is a call of the form ((lambda (x1 ... xn) body ...) e1 ... en).
(define lambda-node? (node-predicate 'lambda))
(define (compile-redex proc-node args cenv depth cont)
(let* ((proc-exp (node-form proc-node))
(formals (cadr proc-exp))
(body (cddr proc-exp)))
(if (null? formals)
(compile-body body cenv depth cont) ;+++
(maybe-push-continuation
(sequentially
(push-all-with-names args formals cenv 0)
(compile-lambda-code formals body cenv (cont-name cont)))
depth
cont))))
; Compile a call to a computed procedure.
(define (compile-unknown-call node cenv depth cont)
(let ((exp (node-form node)))
(let ((call (sequentially (push-arguments node cenv 0)
(compile (car exp)
cenv
(length (cdr exp))
(fall-through-cont node 0))
(instruction (enum op call) (length (cdr exp))))))
(maybe-push-continuation call depth cont))))
(define (maybe-push-continuation code depth cont)
(if (return-cont? cont)
code
(let ((label (make-label)))
(sequentially (instruction-using-label (enum op make-cont)
label
depth)
(note-source-code (cont-source-info cont)
code)
(attach-label label
(cont-segment cont))))))
; Continuation is implicitly fall-through.
(define (push-arguments node cenv depth)
(let recur ((args (cdr (node-form node))) (depth depth) (i 1))
(if (null? args)
empty-segment
(sequentially (compile (car args) cenv depth
(fall-through-cont node i))
(instruction (enum op push))
(recur (cdr args) (+ depth 1) (+ i 1))))))
(define (push-all-with-names exp-list names cenv depth)
(if (null? exp-list)
empty-segment
(sequentially (compile (car exp-list)
cenv depth
(named-cont (car names)))
(instruction (enum op push))
(push-all-with-names (cdr exp-list)
(cdr names)
cenv
(+ depth 1)))))
; OK, now that you've got all that under your belt, here's LAMBDA.
(define-compilator 'lambda syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(let ((exp (node-form node))
(name (cont-name cont)))
(deliver-value
(instruction-with-template (enum op closure)
(compile-lambda exp
cenv
;; Hack for constructors.
;; Cf. disclose method
;; (if name #t #f)
#f)
name)
cont))))
(define (compile-lambda exp cenv body-name)
(let* ((formals (cadr exp))
(nargs (number-of-required-args formals)))
(sequentially
;; Check number of arguments
(if (n-ary? formals)
(if (pair? formals)
(instruction (enum op check-nargs>=) nargs)
empty-segment) ;+++ (lambda x ...) needs no check
(instruction (enum op check-nargs=) nargs))
(compile-lambda-code formals (cddr exp) cenv body-name))))
; name isn't the name of the procedure, it's the name to be given to
; the value that the procedure will return.
(define (compile-lambda-code formals body cenv name)
(if (null? formals)
(compile-body body ;+++ Don't make null environment
cenv
0
(return-cont name))
;; (if (node-ref node 'no-inferior-lambdas) ...)
(sequentially
(let ((nargs (number-of-required-args formals)))
(if (n-ary? formals)
(sequentially
(instruction (enum op make-rest-list) nargs)
(instruction (enum op push))
(instruction (enum op make-env) (+ nargs 1)))
(instruction (enum op make-env) nargs)))
(let* ((vars (normalize-formals formals))
(cenv (bind-vars (reverse vars) cenv)))
(note-environment
vars
(compile-body body
cenv
0
(return-cont name)))))))
(define compile-letrec
(let ((operator/lambda (get-operator 'lambda syntax-type))
(operator/set! (get-operator 'set! syntax-type))
(operator/call (get-operator 'call))
(operator/unassigned (get-operator 'unassigned)))
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
;; (if (node-ref node 'pure-letrec) ...)
(let* ((exp (node-form node))
(specs (cadr exp))
(body (cddr exp)))
(compile-redex (make-node operator/lambda
`(lambda ,(map car specs)
,@(map (lambda (spec)
(make-node operator/set!
`(set! ,@spec)))
specs)
,(make-node
operator/call
`(,(make-node operator/lambda
`(lambda () ,@body))))))
(map (lambda (spec)
(make-node operator/unassigned
`(unassigned)))
specs)
cenv depth cont)))))
(define-compilator 'letrec syntax-type compile-letrec)
; --------------------
; Deal with internal defines (ugh)
(define (compile-body body cenv depth cont)
(scan-body body
cenv
(lambda (defs exps)
(if (null? defs)
(compile-begin exps cenv depth cont)
(compile-letrec
(make-node operator/letrec
`(letrec ,(map (lambda (node)
(cdr (node-form node)))
defs)
,@exps))
cenv depth cont)))))
(define operator/letrec (get-operator 'letrec))
; --------------------
; Compile-time continuations
;
; A compile-time continuation is a pair (segment . name). Segment is
; one of the following:
; a return instruction - invoke the current full continuation.
; empty-segment - fall through to subsequent instructions.
; an ignore-values instruction - ignore values, then fall through.
; If name is non-#f, then the value delivered to subsequent
; instructions will be assigned to a variable. If the value being
; assigned is a lambda, we can give that lambda that name, for
; debugging purposes.
(define (make-cont seg source-info) (cons seg source-info))
(define cont-segment car)
(define cont-source-info cdr)
; Eventually we may be able to optimize jumps to jumps. Can't yet.
;(define (make-jump-cont jump cont)
; (if (fall-through-cont? cont)
; (make-cont jump (cont-name cont))
; cont))
(define return-cont-segment (instruction (enum op return)))
(define (return-cont name)
(make-cont return-cont-segment name))
(define (return-cont? cont)
(eq? (cont-segment cont) return-cont-segment))
; Fall through into next instruction
(define (fall-through-cont node i)
(make-cont empty-segment (cons i node)))
(define (fall-through-cont? cont)
(not (return-cont? cont)))
; Ignore return value, then fall through
(define ignore-values-segment
(instruction (enum op ignore-values)))
(define (ignore-values-cont node i)
(make-cont ignore-values-segment (cons i node)))
(define (ignore-values-cont? cont)
(eq? (cont-segment cont) ignore-values-segment))
; Value is in *val*; deliver it to its continuation.
; No need to generate an ignore-values instruction in this case.
(define (deliver-value segment cont)
(if (ignore-values-cont? cont) ;+++
segment
(sequentially segment (cont-segment cont))))
; For putting names to lambda expressions:
(define (named-cont name)
(make-cont empty-segment name))
(define (cont-name cont)
(if (pair? (cont-source-info cont))
#f
(cont-source-info cont)))
; --------------------
; Compile-time environments
(define (bind-vars names cenv)
(let ((level (+ (environment-level cenv) 1)))
(lambda (name)
(if (eq? name funny-name/lexical-level)
level
(let loop ((over 1) (names names))
(cond ((null? names)
(lookup cenv name))
((eq? name (car names))
(make-binding usual-variable-type (cons level over) #f))
(else (loop (+ over 1) (cdr names)))))))))
(define (initial-cenv cenv)
(bind1 funny-name/lexical-level -1 cenv))
(define (environment-level cenv)
(lookup cenv funny-name/lexical-level))
(define funny-name/lexical-level (string->symbol "Lexical nesting level"))
; Find lookup result that was cached by classifier
(define (name-node-binding node cenv)
(or (node-ref node 'binding)
(node-form node))) ; = (lookup cenv (node-form node))
; --------------------
; Utilities
; Produce something for source code that contains a compile-time error.
(define (generate-trap cont . stuff)
(apply warn stuff)
(sequentially (instruction-with-literal (enum op literal)
(cons 'error stuff))
(deliver-value (instruction (enum op trap))
cont)))
; Make a segment smaller, if it seems necessary, by introducing an
; extra template. A segment is "too big" if it accesses more literals
; than the size of the operand in a literal-accessing instruction.
; The number of literals is unknowable given current representations,
; so we conservatively shrink the segment when its size exceeds 2
; times the largest admissible operand value, figuring that it takes
; at least 2 instruction bytes to use a literal.
(define (careful-sequentially seg1 seg2 depth cont)
(if (and (= depth 0)
(> (+ (segment-size seg1) (segment-size seg2))
large-segment-size))
(if (> (segment-size seg1) (segment-size seg2))
(sequentially (shrink-segment seg1 (fall-through-cont #f #f))
seg2)
(sequentially seg1
(shrink-segment seg2 cont)))
(sequentially seg1 seg2)))
(define large-segment-size (* byte-limit 2))
(define (shrink-segment seg cont)
(maybe-push-continuation
(sequentially (instruction-with-template
(enum op closure)
(if (return-cont? cont)
seg
(sequentially seg
(instruction (enum op return))))
#f)
(instruction (enum op call) 0))
0
cont))
; --------------------
; Type checking. This gets called on all nodes.
(define (type-check node cenv)
(if *type-check?*
(let ((form (node-form node)))
(if (pair? form)
(let ((proc-node (car form)))
(if (node? proc-node)
(let ((proc-type (node-type proc-node cenv)))
(cond ((procedure-type? proc-type)
(if (restrictive? proc-type)
(let* ((args (if (eq? *type-check?* 'heavy)
(map (lambda (exp)
(classify exp cenv))
(cdr form))
(cdr form)))
(args-type (make-some-values-type
(map (lambda (arg)
(meet-type
(node-type arg cenv)
value-type))
args)))
(node (make-similar-node node
(cons proc-node
args))))
(if (not (meet? args-type
(procedure-type-domain proc-type)))
(diagnose-call-error node proc-type cenv))
node)
node))
((not (meet? proc-type any-procedure-type))
;; Could also check args for one-valuedness.
(let ((message "non-procedure in operator position"))
(warn message
(schemify node cenv)
`(procedure: ,proc-type))
(node-set! node 'type-error message))
node)
(else node)))
node))
node))
node))
(define (set-type-check?! check?)
(set! *type-check?* check?))
(define *type-check?* 'heavy)
(define (diagnose-call-error node proc-type cenv)
(let ((message
(cond ((not (fixed-arity-procedure-type? proc-type))
"invalid arguments")
((= (procedure-type-arity proc-type)
(length (cdr (node-form node))))
"argument type error")
(else
"wrong number of arguments"))))
(warn message
(schemify node cenv)
`(procedure wants:
,(rail-type->sexp (procedure-type-domain proc-type)
#f))
`(arguments are: ,(map (lambda (arg)
(type->sexp (node-type arg cenv) #t))
(cdr (node-form node)))))
(node-set! node 'type-error message)))
; Type system loophole
(define-compilator 'loophole syntax-type
(lambda (node cenv depth cont)
(compile (caddr (node-form node)) cenv depth cont)))